Select Page

They said: One particular matter really concerns us.

I asked: What is that?

They replied: People have differed in fiqh, as some take it from the jurists while others take it from the scholars of แธฅadฤซth.

I replied: Why do you always inquire about simple matters that contain no ambiguities? Were you to exercise your mind and intellect, you would have understood its reality quite well. Do you not respect your teacher enough to protect his time from being wasted? For the most valuable thing I am devoting myself to is my commentary on แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ Muslim. I do not want to be diverted from it so that you can enjoy yourselves with non-essential and vain matters!

They replied: We consider your words distasteful and disapprove of them. We are offended by your labelling of our question as non-essential and vain.

I replied: Is not the reward for offence but offence itself? So be offended until you appreciate the extent of my ordeal with you!

They replied: Forgive us if we were burdensome or troublesome to you but tell us why this particular question troubled you greatly.

I replied: Do you take the knowledge of engineering from doctors, or vice versa? Or physical education from psychologists, or vice versa? So will you take fiqh from scholars of exegesis or theology?

They replied: No.

I said: Why will you consider taking history from lawmakers, or law from historians?

They asked: When did we do that?

I replied: Did I not inform you in the past that แธฅadฤซth are historical reports while fiqh is law?

They replied: Of course, but what you censured therein did not apply just to แธฅadฤซth scholars, but many great scholars fell into that.

I replied: Yes they did, and what a terrible thing they fell into.

They replied: So who do we take fiqh from?

I replied:

Take the knowledge of fiqh from its practitioners, and the best of them were the jurists of Madฤซnah and Kลซfah, and then those that followed in their footsteps from the other regions.

They asked: Why have you preferred the jurists of Madฤซnah and Kลซfah over others?

I replied:

Because indeed Madฤซnah was the city of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and the city of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and the foremost predecessors of the Emigrants (Muhฤjirฤซn) and Helpers (Anแนฃฤr). The residents of this city were raised upon guided practices and proper actions, which were an effective application of the Noble Qurสพฤn. Its jurists took this practice [as a guide], derived their rulings based upon it, and transmitted that to others. The residents of Kลซfah were also similar in this aspect of transmitted practice and action, as สฟAbdullah b. Masสฟลซd had moved there as a teacher, muftฤซ and jurist. He was sanctioned for Kลซfah by the Commander of the Believers สฟUmar b. al-Khaแนญแนญฤb himself, may God be pleased with him. สฟUmar praised him immensely and commended his knowledge and virtue, just as other Companions who had settled in Kลซfah had praised him as well. The Commander of the Believers สฟAlฤซ b. Abฤซ แนฌฤlib, may God be pleased with him, said: โ€œGod have mercy upon Ibn Umm สฟAbd, for he has filled it [Kลซfah] with knowledge.โ€ Ibn Masสฟลซd trained an elite group of students, who also took from สฟUmar b. Al-Khaแนญแนญฤb, the Mother of the Believers สฟฤ€สพishah, สฟAlฤซ b. Abฤซ แนฌฤlib, Hudhayfah b. al-Yamฤn, Abลซ Mลซsฤ al-Ashสฟarฤซ and others, may God be pleased with them all. Kลซfah then developed its own independent school in fiqh, with its own characteristics and features. Ultimately, two legal schoolsโ€” that of Madฤซnah and Kลซfah โ€” became widespread among scholars, who studied and transmitted them broadly with some differences here and there, at times agreeing and sometimes differing on individual matters.

They asked: What do you say about the people of Baแนฃrah, Makkah, Egypt and Syria (Shฤm)?

I replied:

These regions did not have independent schools, and their people did not transmit practices that would be unique as compared to others. Rather, these regions contained scholars who learned from the jurists of Madฤซnah and Kลซfah. Some of them inclined predominantly to the scholars of Madฤซnah while others to those of Kลซfah, and others even joined the two. The senior jurists of Baแนฃrah were แธคasan, Ibn Sฤซrฤซn, Qatฤdah, Ayyลซb, แธคammฤd b. Zayd; in Makkah: สฟAแนญฤสพ b. Abฤซ Rabฤแธฅ, Ibn Jurayj, Sufyฤn b. สฟUyaynah, Muslim b. Khฤlid al-Zanjฤซ; in Egypt: Layth b. Saสฟd, สฟAbdullah b. Wahb, สฟAbd al-Raแธฅmฤn b. al-Qฤsim, สฟAbdullah b. al-Lahฤซสฟah; in Syria: Umm al-Dardฤสพ, Abลซ Muslim al-Khawlฤnฤซ, Abลซ Idrฤซs al-Khawlฤnฤซ, Makแธฅลซl, and Awzฤสพฤซ.

They asked: What was the origin of the jurists of แธฅadฤซth?

I replied:

Their origin was Baแนฃrah, which was a place that did not inherit any transmitted practices like Madฤซnah had, nor did it witness any jurists from the Companions and Followers like those that Kลซfah had gained. Scholars of Baแนฃrah, rather, benefited from the Kลซfans and Madฤซnans, and were involved in great dispute between the two sides. Ibn Sฤซrฤซn, Shuสฟbah, and Yaแธฅyฤ al-Qaแนญแนญฤn inclined towards the Kลซfans while แธคasan al-Baแนฃrฤซ, Ayyลซb, and สฟAbd al-Raแธฅmฤn b. Mahdฤซ inclined towards the Madฤซnans, may God have mercy on all of them. Ibn Mahdฤซ was the founder of the school of แธฅadฤซth-based fiqh. He studied for a long time under Sufyฤn al-al-Thawrฤซ and devoted himself to him. Afterwards, he travelled to Madฤซnah and learned from Mฤlik and others. He inclined towards Mฤlik while maintaining some differences in his แธฅadฤซth and other reports. He was very strict in relying on แธฅadฤซth reports in all matters. Imฤm Shฤfiสฟฤซ followed him in this regard, as he was from Makkah which was close to Baแนฃrah in not possessing any transmitted practices. After having learned from the scholars of Madฤซnah and Baแนฃrah, สฟAbd al-Raแธฅmฤn b. Mahdi settled back in Baแนฃrah, where he became pleased with his own school. He authored his marvellous and magnificent treatise, which quite firmly supported this new approach, made แธฅadฤซth a foundation of religion and strictly subjected fiqh to แธฅadฤซth for the very first time.

They asked: What was the approach of the scholars of Madฤซnah and Kลซfah prior to Shฤfiสฟฤซ?

I replied:

It was a natural approach supported by the mind, as scholars of Madฤซnah and Kลซfah had made the Qurสพฤn, Sunnah, transmitted practice, consensus, universal legal maxims and analogical deduction the bases for their ijithฤd, rulings and edicts.

They asked: So why didnโ€™t the แธคanafฤซs and Mฤlikฤซs preserve their schools in this way?

I replied:

The call of Shฤfiสฟฤซ to act upon แธฅadฤซth was a powerful one supported by overpowering evidences and overwhelming proofs. It fell on attentive ears and convinced minds and hearts. Most scholars of แธฅadฤซth and many jurists began to follow him in this. This was further strengthened by what the hearts contained of love for the Prophet, peace be upon him, and reverence for his แธฅadฤซth. แธคanafฤซs and Mฤlikฤซs now found themselves on the defensive. They were forced to find แธฅadฤซth and other reports to support their views and strengthen their arguments, which ultimately filled their books with weak, anomalous and fabricated reports. When criticized by scholars of แธฅadฤซth, they responded by saying that they had different principles in authenticating reports, which was a terrible justification that weakened and deteriorated their standing even further.

They asked: What would you advise the แธคanafฤซs and Mฤlikฤซs then?

I replied:

They should really study the Muwaแนญแนญaสพ and the books of Abลซ Yลซsuf and Muแธฅammad b. al-แธคasan al-Shaybฤnฤซ in order to absorb their methodology in presenting matters and deriving evidences. They should then explain that to the people in an honest and trustworthy way, for the แธคanafฤซs and Mฤlikฤซs are in great need of explaining and presenting their schools, and not just simply defending them or finding evidences for them which their earliest authorities did not rely upon, in terms of แธฅadฤซth and other reports which were rightly criticised by แธฅadฤซth scholars.

They asked: What then is your position concerning what Shฤfiสฟฤซ called to? Is there any benefit for the ummah in that?

I replied:

There certainly is great benefit in that, for Shฤfiสฟฤซ protected Islฤm from becoming regionalโ€”Madฤซnan, Kลซfan, Egyptian, or Syrian. แธคanafฤซs and Mฤlikฤซs need to benefit from the approach of Shฤfiสฟฤซ, not to change their schools based upon it which winds up distorting them. It is obligatory upon them when they attribute a statement to the Prophet, Companions or Followers, that they verify them in light of the principles of Shฤfiสฟฤซ and develop those further as the แธฅadฤซth scholars did, especially Bukhฤrฤซ and Muslim.

They asked: What would you advise us then?

I replied:

Be wary of making แธฅadฤซth a foundation of religion, for the foundations are those that were followed by Abลซ แธคanฤซfah, Mฤlik and their likes from the scholars of various cities: the Book of God, the Sunnah of His Messenger, peace be upon him, consensus, universal legal maxims and analogical reasoning (qiyฤs). Be wary of innovating แธฅadฤซth or narration as a new foundation of religion. The principles of แธฅadฤซth are those affirmed by Shฤfiสฟฤซ, Aแธฅmad b. แธคanbal, Bukhฤrฤซ, Muslim and the rest of the แธฅadฤซth scholars. Take your knowledge of fiqh from the scholars of fiqh and your knowledge of แธฅadฤซth from the scholars of แธฅadฤซth, and do not muddle the two approaches.

They asked: You have clarified the matter greatly.

I replied: Do not praise me but praise God who subjected me in order to teach you, for all praise belongs to Him, in the beginning and in the end.

ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

ูุถู„ ู…ุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑู‡ู…

ุจู‚ู„ู…: ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุฃูƒุฑู… ุงู„ู†ุฏูˆูŠ
ุฃูˆูƒุณููˆุฑ

โ€‹

ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ู‚ุฏ ุฃู‡ู…ู†ุง ุฃู…ุฑ

ู‚ู„ุช: ู…ุง ู‡ูˆุŸ ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ุงุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุŒ ูู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ูŠุฃุฎุฐู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุกุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ูŠุฃุฎุฐู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุซูŠู†. ู‚ู„ุช: ู…ุง ู„ูƒู… ุชุณุชูˆุถุญูˆู†ู†ูŠ ุดูŠุฆุง ุจุณูŠุทุง ู„ุง ุฎูุงุก ููŠู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุฅุดูƒุงู„ุŒ ู„ูˆ ุฃุนู…ู„ุชู… ุนู‚ู„ูƒู… ูˆููƒุฑูƒู… ู„ุฃุฏุฑูƒุชู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡ ูˆุฃุตุจุชู… ู…ุบุฒุงู‡ุŒ ุฃู„ุง ุชุญุชุฑู…ูˆู† ุดูŠุฎูƒู… ูุชุญุฑุตูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุญูุธ ูˆู‚ุชู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุถูŠุงุนุŸ ูุฅู† ุฃุบู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุฃุนุชูƒู ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ู‡ูˆ ุดุฑุญูŠ ู„ุตุญูŠุญ ู…ุณู„ู…ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุดุบู„ ุนู†ู‡ ุจู…ุง ุชุณุชู…ุชุนูˆู† ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุญุดูˆ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ูˆู„ุบูˆู‡

ย  ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ุงุณุชุจุดุนู†ุง ู„ูุธูƒ ูˆุงุณุชู‡ุฌู†ุงู‡ ุงุณุชู‡ุฌุงู†ุงุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุขุฐุงู†ุง ู…ุง ุฑู…ูŠุช ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุญุดูˆ ูˆู„ุบูˆ

ู‚ู„ุช: ูˆู‡ู„ ุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฅูŠุฐุงุก ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ุฅูŠุฐุงุกุŒ ูู„ุชุชุฃุฐูˆุง ุญุชู‰ ุชุนุฑููˆุง ู…ุฏู‰ ู…ุนุงู†ุงุชูŠ ููŠูƒู…. ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ุฃุนููู†ุง ุฅู† ูƒู†ุง ุฃุซู‚ู„ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃูˆ ุฃุฒุนุฌู†ุงูƒ ุฅุฒุนุงุฌุงุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุนู† ูˆุฌู‡ ุฅุฏุงู†ุชูƒ ุณุคุงู„ู†ุง ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงู†ุฉ. ู‚ู„ุช: ู‡ู„ ุชุฃุฎุฐูˆู† ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุกุŒ ูˆุงู„ุทุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ู…ู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ูุณุŒ ูˆุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠูŠู†ุŒ ุจู„ ุฃุชุฃุฎุฐูˆู† ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุณุฑูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุชูƒู„ู…ูŠู†ุŸ

ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ู„ุง

ู‚ู„ุช: ููƒูŠู ุชุณุชุณูŠุบูˆู† ุฃู† ุชุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ู†ู†ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคุฑุฎูŠู†ุŸ

ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ูˆุฃู†ู‰ ูุนู„ู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ุฃู„ู… ุฃุจูŠู† ู„ูƒู… ููŠู…ุง ู…ุถู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ุŸ

ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ุจู„ู‰ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุฎุฑุชูŽ ู…ู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุญุฏุซุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุซุงุชุŒ ุจู„ ู‚ุฏ ูˆู‚ุน ููŠู‡ ูƒุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก

ู‚ู„ุช: ู†ุนู… ูˆู‚ุนูˆุงุŒ ูˆุจุฆุณ ู…ุง ูุนู„ูˆุง

ย  ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ูู…ู† ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ุนู†ู‡ู…ุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ุฎุฐูˆุง ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ุนู† ุฃู‡ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆุฃูุถู„ู‡ู… ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉุŒ ูˆูู‚ู‡ุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉุŒ ุซู… ู…ู† ุญุฐุง ุญุฐูˆู‡ู… ูˆุงู‚ุชูู‰ ุฃุซุฑู‡ู… ู…ู† ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ุตุงุฑ

ย  ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ูู…ุง ู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏู…ุช ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‰ ุบูŠุฑู‡ู…ุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุณู„ู… ูˆุงู„ุฎู„ูุงุก ุงู„ุฑุงุดุฏูŠู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ุฏูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฌุฑูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุตุงุฑุŒ ูู†ุดุฃ ุฃู‡ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณู†ู† ุฑุงุดุฏุฉ ูˆุฃุนู…ุงู„ ู‚ูˆูŠู…ุฉุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุจูŠุงู† ู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู…ุŒ ูˆุฃุฎุฐู‡ุง ูู‚ู‡ุงุคู‡ุง ูˆุฃูุชูˆุง ุจู‡ุง ูˆุชู†ุงู‚ู„ูˆู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุชุดุจู‡ู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉ ููŠ ุชูˆุงุฑุซ ุงู„ุณู†ู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ุŒ ุฅุฐ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจู† ู…ุณุนูˆุฏ ุฑุถูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู†ู‡ ู…ุนู„ู…ุง ูˆู…ูุชูŠุง ูˆูู‚ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฑุถูŠู‡ ู„ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉ ุฃู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุคู…ู†ูŠู† ุนู…ุฑ ุจู† ุงู„ุฎุทุงุจ ุฑุถูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู†ู‡ ูˆุฃุซู†ู‰ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุฃุดุงุฏ ุจุนู„ู…ู‡ ูˆูุถู„ู‡ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุซู†ู‰ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆู†ูˆู‡ ุจุดุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุฑูุน ุฐูƒุฑู‡ ุบูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุญุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุฑุฏูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉ ูˆุงู„ู†ุงุฒู„ูŠู† ุจู‡ุง ุญุชู‰ ู‚ุงู„ ุฃู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุคู…ู†ูŠู† ุนู„ูŠ ุจู† ุฃุจูŠ ุทุงู„ุจ ุฑุถูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู†ู‡: ุฑุญู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงุจู† ุฃู… ุนุจุฏ ูู‚ุฏ ู…ู„ุฃู‡ุง ุนู„ู…ุงุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุดุฃ ุงุจู† ู…ุณุนูˆุฏ ุฃุตุญุงุจุง ู„ู‡ ุฃุฌู„ุฉ ุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ุนู†ู‡ ูˆุนู† ุนู…ุฑ ุจู† ุงู„ุฎุทุงุจุŒ ูˆุนุงุฆุดุฉ ุฃู… ุงู„ู…ุคู…ู†ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุนู„ูŠ ุจู† ุฃุจูŠ ุทุงู„ุจุŒ ูˆุญุฐูŠูุฉ ุจู† ุงู„ูŠู…ุงู†ุŒ ูˆุฃุจูŠ ู…ูˆุณู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฑูŠุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ู… ุฑุถูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุตุงุฑ ู„ู„ูƒูˆูุฉ ู…ุฐู‡ุจ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ู„ู‡ ุฎุตุงุฆุตู‡ ูˆู…ุฒุงูŠุงู‡ุŒ ูˆุงุดุชู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฐู‡ุจุงู† ู…ุฐู‡ุจ ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูˆู…ุฐู‡ุจ ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุฏุงุฑุณูŠู† ู„ู‡ู…ุง ูˆู…ุชู†ุงู‚ู„ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู…ูˆุงูู‚ูŠู† ู„ู‡ู…ุง ูˆู…ุฎุงู„ููŠู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุคูŠุฏูŠู† ู„ู‡ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุฏู‘ููŠู†

ย  ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ูู…ุง ุชู‚ูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ูƒูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุดุงู…ูŠูŠู†ุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ุจุตุฑุฉ ูˆู…ูƒุฉ ูˆู…ุตุฑ ูˆุงู„ุดุงู… ู…ุฐุงู‡ุจ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ุฉุŒ ูˆู„ู… ูŠู†ุดุฃ ุฃู‡ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณู†ู† ูˆุฃุนู…ุงู„ ูŠู…ุชุงุฒูˆู† ุจู‡ุง ุนู† ุบูŠุฑู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ุง ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ุนู† ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉุŒ ูู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุบู„ุจุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู†ุฒุนุฉ ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุบู„ุจุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู†ุฒุนุฉ ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฌู…ุน ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ุชูˆููŠู‚ุง ูˆุชุฃู„ูŠูุงุŒ ูˆู…ู† ูƒุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุจุตุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุณู†ุŒ ูˆุงุจู† ุณูŠุฑูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู‚ุชุงุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุฃูŠูˆุจุŒ ูˆุญู…ุงุฏ ุจู† ุฒูŠุฏุŒ ูˆููŠ ู…ูƒุฉ ุนุทุงุก ุจู† ุฃุจูŠ ุฑุจุงุญุŒ ูˆุงุจู† ุฌุฑูŠุฌุŒ ูˆุณููŠุงู† ุจู† ุนูŠูŠู†ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุณู„ู… ุจู† ุฎุงู„ุฏ ุงู„ุฒู†ุฌูŠุŒ ูˆููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠุซ ุจู† ุณุนุฏุŒ ูˆุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจู† ูˆู‡ุจุŒ ูˆุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุจู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุณู…ุŒ ูˆุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจู† ู„ู‡ูŠุนุฉุŒ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุดุงู… ุฃู… ุงู„ุฏุฑุฏุงุกุŒ ูˆุฃุจูˆ ู…ุณู„ู… ุงู„ุฎูˆู„ุงู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุฃุจูˆ ุฅุฏุฑูŠุณ ุงู„ุฎูˆู„ุงู†ูŠุŒ ูˆู…ูƒุญูˆู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃูˆุฒุงุนูŠ

ย  ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ู…ุง ู…ู†ุจุช ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ุงู„ุจุตุฑุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู„ู… ุชุฑุซ ุณู†ู†ุง ูˆุฃุนู…ุงู„ุง ุชูˆุงุฑุซู‡ุง ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉุŒ ูˆู„ู… ุชุดู‡ุฏ ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ุงู„ุตุญุงุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุงุจุนูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุญุธูŠุช ุจู‡ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉุŒ ูˆุธู‡ุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงุณุชูุงุฏูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆููŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุชู†ุงุฒุนู‡ู… ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงู† ุงู„ูƒูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠ ุชู†ุงุฒุนุง ุดุฏูŠุฏุงุŒ ูู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ู…ุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉ ูƒุงุจู† ุณูŠุฑูŠู† ูˆุดุนุจุฉ ูˆูŠุญูŠู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุทุงู†ุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ู…ุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูƒุงู„ุญุณู† ูˆุฃูŠูˆุจ ูˆุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุจู† ู…ู‡ุฏูŠุŒ ุฑุญู…ู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ู‰ุŒ ูˆูƒุฃู† ุงุจู† ู…ู‡ุฏูŠ ู…ุคุณุณ ู…ุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซูŠุŒ ู„ุงุฒู… ุณููŠุงู† ุงู„ุซูˆุฑูŠ ูˆุงุฎุชุต ุจู‡ุŒ ุซู… ุฑุญู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุฃุฎุฐ ุนู† ู…ุงู„ูƒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุนู„ู…ุงุฆู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู…ุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุน ู…ุฎุงู„ูุชู‡ ุฅูŠุงู‡ ููŠู…ุง ุชุฑูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญุงุฏูŠุซ ูˆุงู„ุขุซุงุฑุŒ ูˆุดุฏุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุฌูˆุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ูˆุงู„ุฃุซุฑุŒ ูˆุชู„ุงู‡ ุงู„ุดุงูุนูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ู…ูƒุฉ ู‚ุฑูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุจุตุฑุฉุŒ ุฅุฐ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุจู‡ุง ุณู†ู† ูˆุฃุนู…ุงู„ ู…ุชูˆุงุฑุซุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎุฐ ุนู† ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉุŒ ุซู… ุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุจุตุฑุฉ ูˆุฌุงู„ุณ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุจู† ู…ู‡ุฏูŠ ูˆุฃุนุฌุจ ุจู…ุฐู‡ุจู‡ุŒ ูˆุฃู„ู ุฑุณุงู„ุชู‡ ุงู„ุจุฏูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉุŒ ูˆุงุญุชุฌ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุงุญุชุฌุงุฌุง ู‚ูˆูŠุงุŒ ูˆุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุฃุตู„ุง ู„ู„ุฏูŠู† ูˆุดุฏุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฎุถุงุน ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ู„ู‡ ุชุดุฏูŠุฏุง ู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ ุฅู„ูŠู‡

ย  ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ูู…ุง ู…ุฐู‡ุจ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุดุงูุนูŠุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุดู‡ุฏู‡ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ูุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆูุฉ ุฌุนู„ูˆุง ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ูˆุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูˆุงู„ุฅุฌู…ุงุน ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฃุณุณุง ู„ุงุฌุชู‡ุงุฏู‡ู… ูˆูู‚ู‡ู‡ู… ูˆูุชูˆุงู‡ู…

ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ูู…ุง ู„ู„ุญู†ููŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงู„ูƒูŠุฉ ู„ู… ูŠุญุงูุธูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฐู‡ุจู‡ู…ุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฏุนูˆุฉ ุงู„ุดุงูุนูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุจุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุฏุนูˆุฉ ุนุฒูŠุฒุฉ ู…ุฏุนูˆู…ุฉ ุจุญุฌุฌ ู‚ุงู‡ุฑุฉ ูˆุฏู„ุงุฆู„ ุจุงู‡ุฑุฉุŒ ุตุงุฏูุช ุขุฐุงู†ุง ุตุงุบูŠุฉ ูˆุนู‚ูˆู„ุง ุจู‡ุง ู…ู‚ุชู†ุนุฉ ูˆู‚ู„ูˆุจุง ู„ู‡ุง ุฎุงุถุนุฉุŒ ูุชุจุนู‡ ุนุงู…ุฉ ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุกุŒ ูˆุณุงุนุฏู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ู…ู† ู…ุญุจุฉ ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุณู„ู… ูˆุฅุฌู„ุงู„ ู„ุญุฏูŠุซู‡ุŒ ููˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุญู†ููŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ููŠ ู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฏูุงุนุŒ ูˆุจุญุซูˆุง ุนู† ุฃุญุงุฏูŠุซ ูˆุขุซุงุฑ ุชุคูŠุฏ ุฃู‚ูˆุงู„ู‡ู… ูˆุชุนุถุฏ ุขุฑุงุกุงู‡ู…ุŒ ูู…ู„ุฃูˆุง ูƒุชุจู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุถุนุงู ูˆุงู„ุดูˆุงุฐ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุงูƒูŠุฑุŒ ูˆู„ู…ุง ุทุนู† ููŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุซูˆู† ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ู„ู†ุง ุฃุตูˆู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุนู†ูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุชุตุญูŠุญ ูˆุงู„ุชุถุนูŠูุŒ ูุฌุงุคุง ุจุนุฐุฑ ูƒุงู† ุดุฑุงุŒ ูˆุฒุงุฏ ู…ูˆู‚ูู‡ู… ุถุนูุง ูˆูˆู‡ู†ุง

ย  ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ูู…ุง ุชู†ุตุญ ุงู„ุญู†ููŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงู„ูƒูŠุฉุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ุฃู† ูŠุฏุฑุณูˆุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุทุฃ ูˆูƒุชุจ ุฃุจูŠ ูŠูˆุณู ูˆู…ุญู…ุฏ ุจู† ุงู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุดูŠุจุงู†ูŠุŒ ูˆูŠุณุชูˆุนุจูˆุง ู…ู†ุงู‡ุฌู‡ู… ููŠ ุจุณุท ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุจุงุท ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชุฏู„ุงู„ุŒ ุซู… ูŠุดุฑุญูˆู‡ุง ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุดุฑุญู‹ุง ุฃู…ูŠู†ุง ุตุงุฏู‚ุงุŒ ูุงู„ุญู†ููŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงู„ูƒูŠุฉ ูŠุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุดุฑุญ ู…ุฐุงู‡ุจู‡ู… ูˆุจูŠุงู†ู‡ุงุŒ ู„ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูุงุน ุนู†ู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ุงุญุชุฌุงุฌ ู„ู‡ุง ุจู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠุญุชุฌ ุจู‡ ุฃุฆู…ุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูˆู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญุงุฏูŠุซ ูˆุงู„ุขุซุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุทุนู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุซูˆู†ุŒ ูˆุฃุตุงุจูˆุง ููŠ ุทุนู†ู‡ู…

ย  ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ูู…ุง ู…ูˆู‚ููƒ ู…ู…ุง ุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุดุงูุนูŠุŸ ูˆู‡ู„ ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ุฃู…ุฉ ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ู†ูุนุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู†ูุน ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ ูุงู„ุดุงูุนูŠ ุญู…ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุญู„ูŠุงุŒ ุฅุณู„ุงู… ู…ุฏู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุขุฎุฑ ูƒูˆููŠุŒ ูˆุขุฎุฑ ู…ุตุฑูŠุŒ ูˆุขุฎุฑ ุดุงู…ูŠุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู†ููŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุฃู† ูŠุณุชููŠุฏูˆุง ู…ู† ู…ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุดุงูุนูŠุŒ ู„ุง ุฃู† ูŠุบูŠุฑูˆุง ุจู‡ ู…ุฐุงู‡ุจู‡ู… ูˆูŠุดูˆู‡ูˆู‡ุง ุชุดูˆูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุฃู† ุฅุฐุง ู†ุณุจ ู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุณู„ู… ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุตุญุงุจุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนูŠู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ูˆุง ู…ู†ู‡ ููŠ ุถูˆุก ุฃุตูˆู„ ุงู„ุดุงูุนูŠ ูˆูŠุทูˆุฑูˆู‡ุง ูƒู…ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุซูˆู† ูˆู„ุง ุณูŠู…ุง ุงู„ุดูŠุฎุงู† ุงู„ุจุฎุงุฑูŠ ูˆู…ุณู„ู…

ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ูู…ุง ุชูˆุตูŠู†ุง ุจู‡ุŸ

ู‚ู„ุช: ุฅูŠุงูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุฃุตู„ุง ู…ู† ุฃุตูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุŒ ูุงู„ุฃุตูˆู„ ู…ุง ุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุฃุจูˆ ุญู†ูŠูุฉ ูˆู…ุงู„ูƒ ูˆุฃู…ุซุงู„ู‡ู…ุง ู…ู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฃู…ุตุงุฑุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุณู†ุฉ ุฑุณูˆู„ู‡ ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุณู„ู… ูˆุงู„ุฅุฌู…ุงุน ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณุŒ ูˆุฅูŠุงูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุจุฏุนูˆุง ุฃุตูˆู„ุง ู„ู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ูˆุงู„ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉุŒ ูุฃุตูˆู„ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฑู‡ ุงู„ุดุงูุนูŠุŒ ูˆุฃุญู…ุฏ ุจู† ุญู†ุจู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุจุฎุงุฑูŠุŒ ูˆู…ุณู„ู… ูˆุณุงุฆุฑ ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุŒ ูุฎุฐูˆุง ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุกุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุซูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุชู„ุจุณูˆุง ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ุชู„ุจูŠุณุง

ย  ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: ู‚ุฏ ุจูŠู†ุช ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจูŠุงู†ุง ุดุงููŠุง

ู‚ู„ุช: ู„ุง ุชุทุฑูˆู†ูŠุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงุญู…ุฏูˆุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุฎุฑู†ูŠ ู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูƒู…ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ู„ู‡ ุฃูˆู„ุง ูˆุขุฎุฑุง